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1 Chemistry ENIG deposition is dependent on the electromotive series of elements Gold readily deposits directly on copper as an immersion bath, but as stated previously, a barrier of nickel is needed In common practice, 3 to 5 mm of nickel is used in ENIG, with a thin gold coating of 005 to 015 mm (typically) to prevent nickel oxidation Nickel does not deposit directly on copper without prior catalysis Palladium or ruthenium metal forms an immersion deposit on copper as the catalysis or activation step of ENIG Catalysis baths employ the immersion (galvanic displacement) chemical mechanism As with all finishes, extra steps are required before the deposition of catalyst, Ni, and Au All commercial ENIG processes rely on a cleaner and microetch prior to catalysis in order to remove trace residues from the solder mask and tin strip processes before final finish.

Microetch is normally based on peroxide, persulfate, or monopersulfate systems 3242 Fabrication Process Table 323 shows the process flow for ENIG surface finish..

TABLE 32.3 Process Flow for ENIG Time (min.)

Chemicals Aqueous solvents, detergents, and emulsifiers. Acid can help undercut residues and remove thick copper oxides. In acidic environments, copper is oxidized by persulfate (S2O8++), peroxide (H2O2), or proprietary monopersulfate acid mixes. Sulfuric acid is common to all types of microetch. 1 2 mm of Cu is oxidized to Cu++ and dissolved. Immersion deposit (galvanic displacement) Pd++ + Cu(0) Pd(0) + Cu++ (or) Ru+++ + Cu(0) Ru(0) + Cu++ Nickel is deposited through chemical (sodium hypophosphite) reduction. Rate control, by pH and temperature, determines phosphorous content, usually 8 11% by weight. Normally, automated controllers are needed to maintain this dynamic bath. Nickel can be measured optically or with titration. Ammonia maintains pH.

We cancel the common terms G and r 2 , which give m Am 1 = m Am 2 2 1 This leads to m2 m1 = A A m1 m2 Again, we could choose any masses we like for this experiment. Therefore, this ratio must be a constant that we take to be unity, and we conclude that mA = mp that is, the active and passive gravitational mass for a body are equivalent. We have already found that the passive gravitational mass is equivalent to inertial mass, and so we have shown that m = mI = mp = mA where we have used the single quantity m to represent the mass of the body.

10 20

Immersion deposit (galvanic displacement) Au+ + Ni(0) Au(0) + Ni++ Gold is added as KAu(CN)2. Do not use gold salts containing Co or Ni.

8 15

Due to the long dwell times, high operating temperatures, and complicated chemical reactions, the ENIG process is always conducted in vertical tanks. To achieve the throughput required in production, many ENIG systems make use of two or three electroless nickel (EN) tanks, which allows for heating new baths or nickel stripping. Using two active EN tanks greatly improves throughput, but the total process ordinarily exceeds 1 hour in cycle time. In addition to the normal plastic materials used in tank construction, stainless steel can be used for EN tanks. This is possible only with the use of anodic passivation, which employs an electrical bias applied to the steel to prevent reduction of nickel ions on the steel. By using steel tanks, fabricators avoid the frequent stripping of plastic tanks required due to the slow plate-out of nickel on rough surfaces and localized hot spots.

Advantages and Disadvantages Table 32.4 shows comparison of advantages and disadvantages of ENIG surface finishes.

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TABLE 32.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of ENIG ENIG advantages Flat; fine-pitch assembly Surface contacts Widely available No copper dissolution No Pb Strong PTH rivet Long shelf-life ENIG disadvantages Expensive Brittle Ni/Sn solderjoint Not reworkable Solder mask attack Black-pad, black-line nickel Signal loss at RF frequencies Very complicated process