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Finally! You get to make your own classes! Okay, enough enthusiasm. Let s get down to it here is a simple class: class Person: def setName(self, name): self.name = name def getName(self): return self.name def greet(self): print "Hello, world! I'm %s." % self.name This example contains three method definitions, which are like function definitions except that they are written inside a class statement. Person is, of course, the name of the class. The class statement creates its own namespace where the functions are defined. (See the section The Class Namespace later in this chapter.) All this seems fine, but you may wonder what this self parameter is. It refers to the object itself. And what object is that Let s make a couple of instances and see: >>> foo = Person() >>> bar = Person() >>> foo.setName('Luke Skywalker') >>> bar.setName('Anakin Skywalker') >>> foo.greet() Hello, world! I'm Luke Skywalker. >>> bar.greet() Hello, world! I'm Anakin Skywalker. Okay, so this example may be a bit obvious, but perhaps it clarifies what self is. When I call setName and greet on foo, foo itself is automatically passed as the first parameter in each case the parameter that I have so fittingly called self. You may, in fact, call it whatever you like, but because it is always the object itself, it is almost always called self, by convention. It should be obvious why self is useful, and even necessary here. Without it, none of the methods would have access to the object itself, the object whose attributes they are supposed to manipulate.

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Then you move on to performing the preprocessing word and phrase substitutions as dictated by the :presubs array in the bot data file. You ll recall the :presubs array is an array of arrays that specifies words and phrases that should be changed to another word or phrase. The reason for this is so that you can deal with multiple terms with a single phrase. For example, if you substitute all instances of yeah for yes, a relevant phrase will be shown whether the user says yeah or yes, even though the phrase is only matching on yes. As you re focusing on keeping response_to simple, you ll use a single method call:

Now you can implement preprocess as a private method:

With the eye of the needle metaphor in mind, take a look at how a BBP presentation appears in Slide Sorter view, as shown in Figure 2-9. Studies have found that people learn better when information is broken up into digestible pieces, and here in Slide Sorter view, you can literally see each speci c digestible piece in the form of a single slide that contains only one main idea that is clearly summarized by a headline. This eases your audience through your story and explanation frame by frame, one piece at a time.

Then you can implement the substitution method itself:

At this point it s worth wondering why you have a string of methods just to get to the perform_substitutions method. Why not just call it directly from response_to The rationale in this case is that you re trying to keep logic separated from other logic within this program as much as possible. This is how larger applications work, as it allows you to extend them more easily. For example, if you wanted to perform more preprocessing tasks in future, you could simply create methods for them and call them from preprocess without having to make any changes to response_to. Although this looks inefficient, it actually results in code that s easy to extend and read in the long run. A little verbosity is the price for a lot of flexibility. You ll see a lot of similar techniques used in other Ruby programs, which is why it s demonstrated so forcefully here.

As before, the attributes are also accessible from the outside: >>> foo.name 'Luke Skywalker' >>> bar.name = 'Yoda' >>> bar.greet() Hello, world! I'm Yoda.

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You ve played with dogs and numbers, but lines of text (strings) can be interesting to play with too:

You ve asked the string "This is a test", which is an object of the String class (confirm this with "This is a test".class), to print its length onto the screen using the length method. The length method is available on all strings, so you can replace "This is a test" with any text you want and you ll get a valid answer. Asking a string for its length isn t the only thing you can do. Consider this: