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For 40 years the PTH process of choice has been palladium followed by electroless copper, but there have been at least 12 DMT processes challenging that established process, with several hundred installations, a significant percentage of the total number of PCB shops. The basic idea for the palladium systems dates back to the Radovsky patent of 1963,1 which claimed a method of using an electrically nonconductive film of palladium in a semicolloidal form to directly metallize through holes in printed circuit boards. Radovsky s invention was never commercialized. The basic idea for the carbon/graphite systems dates back to the very early days of eyelet boards when Photocircuits was experimenting with graphite, silver, and other media to turn their single-sided PCBs into reliable double-sided boards.

A good conclusion assures that everyone knows you re nished with the formal part of your time onstage, in the conference room, or online. A great conclusion brings the communication process to a close at least for now.

30.1.1 Direct Metallization Technologies Overview From the many media and technical variations, some common elements have evolved. 30.1.1.1 Direct Metallization Technologies Common Elements. common to all DMT: There are two elements

1. Holes must be conditioned more specifically and thoroughly than for electroless copper. 2. Conductive media must be removed from the copper foil in a majority of the techniques (an exception is DMS-E). It is understood that additional desmear steps are necessary or advisable when processing multilayer PCBs. Common elements to all horizontal conveyorized DMT systems are:

Throughput is typically 6 to 15 min for a panel, with the next panel following 1 in behind Tremendous economies in rinse water use Lower consumption of chemicals

Many DMT processes work better than electroless copper on substrates with difficult resin systems such as PTFE, cyanate ester, or polyimide 30112 Direct Metallization Categories 1 Palladium-based systems 2 Carbon or graphite systems 3 Conductive polymer systems 4 Other methods 3012 Palladium-based Systems 30121 Palladium/Tin Activator with Flash Electoplating EE-1,2 the first commercialized direct metallization technique was invented in 1982 at Photocircuits and PCK It uses a palladium/tin activator followed by mandatory flash electroplating The flash-plating bath contains a polyoxyethylene compound to inhibit the deposition of copper on the foil surface without inhibiting deposition on palladium sites on nonconductive surfaces (holes, edges, substrate) Deposition occurs by propagation from the copper foil and grows epitaxially along the activated surface of the hole Coverage takes about 5 to 6 min This flash is pattern- or panelplated subsequently to full thickness in any electroplating bath.

It is not obvious a priori that these types of masses should be equivalent. We now proceed to demonstrate that they are. We begin by considering the motion of two bodies in a gravitational eld. Galileo showed that if we neglect air resistance, two bodies released simultaneously from a height h will reach the ground at the same time. In other words, all bodies in a given gravitational eld have the same acceleration. This is true regardless of their mass or internal compositions. We consider the motion of two bodies in a gravitational eld. The gravitational eld exerts a force on a body and so we can use Newton s second law to write F1 = m I a1 1 F2 = m I a2 2 Now the force on a body due to the gravitational eld can be written in terms of the potential using F = m , where in this case m is the passive gravitational

Microetching is incorporated in the accelerator to remove palladium sites and nail heads from innerlayers A special cleaner/conditioner is used This process has never been adapted to horizontal equipment (See Fig 301) 30122 Palladium/Tin Activator with Vanillin DPS3 was invented in Japan in the late 80s This method uses a palladium/tin activator with vanillin, followed by pattern or panel electroplating It employs a special cleaner/conditioner and a carbonate acceleratorThe three key solutions cleaner/conditioner, activator, and accelerator all operate at elevated temperatures DPS has recently been adapted to horizontal equipment, but works well in the vertical mode, both manual and automatic Following the last step, the Setter, DPS yields a stable, grayish conductive palladium film in the holes.